Which design technique allows filmmakers to create the illusion of a realistic background without actual location shooting?

The correct choice is matte paintings. Matte paintings are a visual effects technique used in filmmaking to create the illusion of environments that are not actually present during the shooting. This technique involves painting landscapes, buildings, or other background images on a flat surface, which can then be composited with live-action footage. By using matte paintings, filmmakers can present expansive or intricate scenery without needing to travel to specific locations or build physical sets, allowing for a controlled and creative environment.

CGI effects, while also capable of creating realistic backgrounds, rely on computer-generated imagery rather than traditional painting techniques. Lighting techniques deal with manipulating illumination on set and do not create backgrounds themselves. Set design focuses on constructing physical sets that actors can interact with, which can be elaborate but does not include the painted or digital scenery created through the matte painting technique.